The Pharmacy On Camden Road Will Pilot Test A Suboxone Clinic

Executive Summary Proposal †¢ The Fruth Pharmacy on Camden Road will pilot test a suboxone clinic in association with Dr. Toshiba. This clinic will target patients with drug addiction and they will come here to allow the doctor to prescribe them the medicine (suboxone) that they need to control their addiction. The pharmacist will provide counseling on the medication use and discuss ways to control their addiction most effectively. Background †¢ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and The Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality’s data shows more than a 5-fold increase in opioid dependence treatment admissions. †¢ West Virginia has the second highest prescription medication overdose rate according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (Figure 1). Benefits to Fruth Pharmacy †¢ Possible hospital referrals to our doctor. †¢ Increased foot-traffic through physical stores as well as increased pharmacy use for maintenance medications. †¢ Promoting health and wellness to patients within the region. Financial †¢ This program will be paid for through cash paying patients. o The doctor will be using our facility to see patients and will be billing for his services. Conclusion †¢ Fruth pharmacy will help patients confront and manage their addictions to pain killers and other opioids. Table of Contents Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................2 Table of

The Pharmacy On Camden Road Will Pilot Test A Suboxone Clinic

Executive Summary Proposal †¢ The Fruth Pharmacy on Camden Road will pilot test a suboxone clinic in association with Dr. Toshiba. This clinic will target patients with drug addiction and they will come here to allow the doctor to prescribe them the medicine (suboxone) that they need to control their addiction. The pharmacist will provide counseling on the medication use and discuss ways to control their addiction most effectively. Background †¢ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and The Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality’s data shows more than a 5-fold increase in opioid dependence treatment admissions. †¢ West Virginia has the second highest prescription medication overdose rate according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (Figure 1). Benefits to Fruth Pharmacy †¢ Possible hospital referrals to our doctor. †¢ Increased foot-traffic through physical stores as well as increased pharmacy use for maintenance medications. †¢ Promoting health and wellness to patients within the region. Financial †¢ This program will be paid for through cash paying patients. o The doctor will be using our facility to see patients and will be billing for his services. Conclusion †¢ Fruth pharmacy will help patients confront and manage their addictions to pain killers and other opioids. Table of Contents Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................2 Table of

The Pharmacy On Camden Road Will Pilot Test A Suboxone Clinic

Executive Summary Proposal †¢ The Fruth Pharmacy on Camden Road will pilot test a suboxone clinic in association with Dr. Toshiba. This clinic will target patients with drug addiction and they will come here to allow the doctor to prescribe them the medicine (suboxone) that they need to control their addiction. The pharmacist will provide counseling on the medication use and discuss ways to control their addiction most effectively. Background †¢ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and The Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality’s data shows more than a 5-fold increase in opioid dependence treatment admissions. †¢ West Virginia has the second highest prescription medication overdose rate according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (Figure 1). Benefits to Fruth Pharmacy †¢ Possible hospital referrals to our doctor. †¢ Increased foot-traffic through physical stores as well as increased pharmacy use for maintenance medications. †¢ Promoting health and wellness to patients within the region. Financial †¢ This program will be paid for through cash paying patients. o The doctor will be using our facility to see patients and will be billing for his services. Conclusion †¢ Fruth pharmacy will help patients confront and manage their addictions to pain killers and other opioids. Table of Contents Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................2 Table of

The Upside to Service Paper

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Business Intelligence in Retail Sector

Question: The purpose of this assessment is to enable students to demonstrate a critical awareness of previous research in an IT context within a chosen topic area through a basic understanding of research theory and techniques. It requires clear communication of ideas in a professional manner so that the reader can easily understand the purpose and results of your research. Overall goals of this assignment are to help you to: 1. Become more knowledgeable about finding and using varied research sources in your chosen area in IT. 2. Further develop your critical thinking skills and back up your points with evidence. 3. Become more adept at synthesizing information and developing informed views. 4. Discipline yourself to follow a scholarly research format to document in-text sources and a references page (bibliography). 5. Compose a well-organized, clear, concise, research paper to expand your knowledge on a research question in your chosen area. Answer: Introduction Since recent times, there has been an increase in the need for having and maintaining efficiency in the management of retail chains on regular basis. There has also been a growth in the pressure being imposed by efficiency of cost in the field of retail that has increased the need for using a number of different approaches, tools and methods for meeting these specific demands. One significant opportunity identified in this context is the utilization of a highly sophisticated analytics of business like business intelligence (Bresnahan, 1998). Business intelligence is an extremely broad term more often used for processes, tools, applications and technologies for gathering, storing, accessing and analysing data for being able to make better and improved decisions. Business Intelligence is referred to as the process to gather sufficient amount of appropriate information in an appropriate manner within an appropriate frame of time, and to deliver the outcomes to the respective people for the purposes of making decision. These decisions should be made in a manner such that there is continuous yielding of the real benefits in business, or having a positive influence on the strategies, operations and tactics of the business in the respective enterprise (Bruque, 2007). Business intelligence has been identified as a well- known category of software that provides a number of different benefits by its capabilities and functionalities. The systems of business intelligence are considered as being a step ahead of the systems responsible for the management of knowledge. Even though there may be variation in particular definitions being provided from one customer to the other, more often it is agrees by people that business intelligence has a typical meaning that provides it a better definition. As per this typical definition, business intelligence is referred to as the challenge to provide the users of business with important and sensible information from the data sources of the company for helping and aiding those users make improved and highly informed decisions in the business organization (Johansson and Sudzina, 2009). The applications of business intelligence involve activities related to online processing of analytics, systems for supporting decisions, warehousing of data and mining of data. As this system and its application has been showing huge prevalence in a number of industries, this research will be conducting a research on the involvement of business intelligence in the sector of retail. For the completion of this research, a review of literature will be presented. The methodology of this research will be case study analysis as it will help in providing a better insight regarding the concept and its implications in the industry of retail. Problem Statement Management of information is an extremely crucial part of each and every business, but majority of the business have been facing a number of needs in comparison with the others. Organization in the industry of retail, particularly, present highly complicated challenges and issues to the one providing the applications for the software of business intelligence. In this research, focus will be created on the need for having business intelligence in the sector of retail and what challenges and issues are faced in successfully adopting these systems and techniques of business intelligence. Research Questions The main question of this research is: What are the key advantages of Business Intelligence in the Retail Industry? The research will also be focusing on some sub- questions that are as follows: Is there an urgent need for business intelligence in the industry of retail? How well are the organizations in retail industry aware about the implications of business intelligence? What factors of success are involved in the initiative of business intelligence? What future is held by Business Intelligence in the retail industry? Purpose of the Research In the current era of globalization, where a number of changes keep taking place, there has been an increase in need for having effective and sensible information of business. This information has been considered extremely critical for the companies, not only in context with their survival, but their success as well. The tools of business intelligence are utilized for helping the organization in the management and purification of information needed and for making appropriate decisions in the business. Literature Review In the initial and primary context, business intelligence had been established as a system for solving tasks of analytics, generally considered as a significant way to make improved and better decision, costs being reduced and enabling an improvement in the quality of performance and processes (Britton, 2006). These decisions should be made in a manner such that there is continuous yielding of the real benefits in business, or having a positive influence on the strategies, operations and tactics of the business in the respective enterprise. However, there are a number of different definitions provided for business intelligence. Definitions of Business Intelligence Business Intelligence is referred to as the process to gather sufficient amount of appropriate information in an appropriate manner within an appropriate frame of time, and to deliver the outcomes to the respective people for the purposes of making decision. For the very first time, the term business intelligence had been used by Hans Peter Luhn, a researcher in IBM. According to his definition, business intelligence is referred to as the ability of apprehending the interrelationships and interconnections of the facts being presented in such a manner that it helped in providing guidance in the actions being taken for achieving the desirable goals and objectives (Beal, 2014). However, this term had been popularized in a significant manner by Howard Dresner, an analyst of Gartner Group. According to his definition, business intelligence is referred to as the set of methods and concepts for the improvement of decision making at business organizations by utilizing systems of support based on factual description (Gartner press release, 2009). The concept presented by this definition contributes in highlighting the relevance of analysing data, tools of query and different reports that are important sources of data. These sources assist them for synthesising useful as well as valuable information. What Does Business Intelligence Do? As per the typical definition, business intelligence is referred to as the challenge to provide the users of business with important and sensible information from the data sources of the company for helping and aiding those users make improved and highly informed decisions in the business organization. Business intelligence helps in making decisions based on operations and strategies. The strategic utilization of business intelligence can be set in a specific order stated below (Bruque, 2007): Management of corporate performance Optimization of relations with the customers, monitoring activities of the business, and monitoring the tradition system for supporting decisions Application of packaged standalone for particular strategies or operations Managing the reports being presented for business intelligence The first implication for setting this order is that solely making reports of the performance of an organization and the related competitors is not sufficient and enough, even if it is the strength of a number of existing packages of software. The second implication for setting this order is that a large number of organization, particularly from the sector of retail, have still been viewing and considering business intelligence as a software providing function of inward looking (Chuah, 2011). Business intelligence has been identified as the natural growth of a number of earlier systems established for supporting the process of decision making. With an emergence in the warehouse of data in the form of a repository, there have been a number of advancements in the cleansing of data that result in a single truth regarding the huge capabilities of software and hardware. The boom in the technologies of internet have contributed in providing the prevalent interface for user, all in combinat ion for the creation of a richer environment with business intelligence, in comparison with what was available in the previous context. Business intelligence helps in pulling information from a number of different systems (Doherty, 2010). The figure below helps in depicting the different information systems that are utilized by business intelligence in extraction of data. In the figure below, OLAP stands for online data process, DSS stands for Decision Support Systems, CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management, and GIS stands for Geographic Information Systems. The Retail Sector: The Search for New Products and New Channels The organizations in retail sector need to cope up with the constant trends in the industry for staying competitive and viable as well. The highly diversified channels of sales help in offering the retailers a number of opportunities for expansion and growth, but also seem to be presenting them with a number of different and new challenges. Ahead of the actual amount of purchases, retailing through multiple channels involve each and every interaction amongst the customers and the retailers that include research on products, holding enquiries and comparing them with other related products (Fuld and Sawka, 2000). Customers might be conducting research on products by the utilization of a single channel, and then the purchases are made by the other channel. This contributes in the creation of a number of new opportunities for the retail companies for reaching their customers, but it also contributes in adding huge complexities to the efforts being put in by retailers for understanding the behaviour of customer and effectively targeting the strategies of marketing. For yielding the profits from the opportunities provided by the multiple channels of retailing, retailers must be having the tools for turning a large amount of information being acquired by them into important, actionable and useful knowledge (Foley and Guillemette, 2010). In addition to this, for effectively diversifying their channels of sales, retailers must be focused on integrating a number of systems at internal level and an operation infrastructure with unification must be developed. This increases the need for having systems of information that are worthy of operating across the entire enterprise of retail. Factors Driving Solutions of Business Intelligence at Retail Organizations Considering the challenges mentioned above, there is a need for having retailers that show proactive behaviour in the management and utilization of corporate data if there is willingness towards being competitive in the industry. This is where there is a need for introducing business intelligence in the businesses (Gartner press release, 2012). The software of business intelligence provides the retailers the capability of analysing a lot of information in bulk that the companies already have for making the best decisions of business. The software of business intelligence contributes in allowing these organizations for tapping into the large bases of data and delivering insight that can be easily comprehended for the improvement of business performance (Hart, 2014). The companies in retail sectors now have the ability of using the software of business intelligence for being more effective in reaching the customers, reducing the amount of cost and time of operations, and allocating their resources in an effective and efficient manner. MicroStrategy can contribute in outfitting the retailers with this software for maximizing the information being gathered and making the best utilization of the data for gaining knowledge and improving the strategies of business (Johansson and Sudzina, 2009). MicroStrategy helps the retailers for reaching diverse and wide populations of user and for reporting large amount of data related to transaction across a number of different dimensions in the business organization of the retail sector. Application of Business Intelligence The applications of business intelligence has been reaching a distant scope in the sector of retail. Firstly, there is an increased need for the management of large volumes related to data from a number of different sources, everywhere from branch stores to corporate headquarters to online based stores (McGeever, 2000). With the application of business intelligence, data of retail can be easily reached into a multiple range of terabyte, and the software of business intelligence has the suitability of handling the depth of this data and information. Further ahead, the software of business intelligence helps in the retail organization in easy cross- referencing and integration of large amounts of information from a number of different source, identifying relationships amongst the data and information, and learning how varying factors impact each other and the bottom line of the company (Pirttimki, 2003). This software also helps the companies from retail sector for analysing these large number of layers of data in a simultaneous manner for creating a better understanding of the behaviours and needs of customers. Hence, this software helps in providing an unrivalled breadth and depth of analysis down to the level of individual record at the point- of- sale as well. In the current era of globalization, where a number of changes keep taking place, there has been an increase in need for having effective and sensible information of business (Stackowiak et al., 2007). This information has been considered extremely critical for the companies, not only in context with their survival, but their success as well. The tools of business intelligence are utilized for helping the organization in the management and purification of information needed and for making appropriate decisions in the business. The applications of business intelligence involve activities related to online processing of analytics, systems for supporting decisions, warehousing of data and mining of data. Research Methodology and Data Collection For the purpose of this research, the method of case study analysis has been chosen for the collection and analysis of data. The key subject related to this case study is a retail store of huge size having a chain of multiple brands for sports and fashion. This retail store is known for its operations in Slovakia since the year 2003. Due to reasons of ethical consideration, the name of the retail store has been kept confidential. In the year 2010, managers at the top- most level of the retail store made a decision of purchasing and implementing the software system of SAP and for tailoring it to the needs of the organization. As stated by the press release of an organization, SAP has maintained its position as number one vendor in combination with the Business Intelligence all across the globe, software revenue of PM and the related analytics. The study being presented had been on the basis of an analysis conducted for a duration of five months in the duration and later on the business intelligence had been implemented by the retail store. The study was conducted on the basis of analysis of document and interviews in- depth. Important documents like delivery of varying stages within the life cycle that includes schedule and project tasks, reports from the engineering of requirements, procedures and strategies of the business, materials for providing training, documents for the management of retail, along with the analysis reports of the software developers, reports and budgets from the previous system had been obtained for understanding and analysing the processes involved in the adoption of business intelligence. After the system of business intelligence had been adopted, there had been conduction of two interviews that were semi- structured. In the overall context, nine number of interviews had been conducted with the top- most manager of the retail store. The interviews had been conducted from five categories of senior manager, manager of supply chain, manager of marketing, manager of e-commerce and the chief commercial officer. The duration of the interviews were around 30 to 60 minutes. The questions of the interviews were asked in an open ended way. The key structure on the basis of which the interviews had been conducted were as follows: 1. Different stages for the life cycle of the system: Defining the problem, study of feasibility, engineering of requirements, design, maintenance and implementation 2. Issues and other relevant facts regarding the experience with the adoption of business intelligence 3. Advantages of Business Intelligence: Probing over specific benefits had been done by the interviewees for the achievement of unambiguous ways to interpret the answers they provided. There had also been an increased possibility to mention other advantages and benefits, as the interviews had been conducted personally. As per the expectation, as interviewees would be considering each and every benefit for being extremely important, the managers were asked for naming a particular factor as the most significant advantage in the activities related to business intelligence 4. Factors that had a major influence on the speed at which adoption of business intelligence was done in the organization had been structured in accordance with the theory of Moore and Benbasat Results and Findings The study being presented had been on the basis of an analysis conducted for a duration of five months in the duration and later on the business intelligence had been implemented by the retail store. The study was conducted on the basis of analysis of document and interviews in- depth. Firstly, there is an increased need for the management of large volumes related to data from a number of different sources, everywhere from branch stores to corporate headquarters to online based stores. With the application of business intelligence, data of retail can be easily reached into a multiple range of terabyte, and the software of business intelligence has the suitability of handling the depth of this data and information (Rogers, 2009). Further ahead, the software of business intelligence helps in the retail organization in easy cross- referencing and integration of large amounts of information from a number of different source, identifying relationships amongst the data and information, and learning how varying factors impact each other and the bottom line of the company. The Life Cycle of Business Intelligence in the Retail Chain Analysis of the way in which business intelligence had been adopted was on the basis of an order of stages. Each stage can be clearly defined and described further ahead in this section. Defining the Problem Analysing the problem before the decision for the adoption of business intelligence in the retail chain had been conducted by the key managers responsible in this chain of retail. In the most typical sense, managers had been looking for opportunities and a spark for improving the ways in which the processes of business were being manages in context with the pressure being imposed on the efficiency of business processes (Stackowiak et al., 2007). Majority of this was because of the increase in the relevance of e- commerce comparing it with the business of B and M. In addition to this, huge importance was being given to the permanent requirement of innovation. Majority of the managers from the department of commerce had been facing a number of problems that needed appropriate solution for the achievement of improved and better efficiency. These problems will be discussed further ahead. 1. Sharing information and Analysing this information: The information system utilized within the organization did not provide high degree of efficiency, the specific system did not have an interconnection. Thus, problems were being faced in order to share the information of one system and merging it with the information other system amongst the departments. In the analysis of data, a number of aspects were being missed such as the criteria of stock, logistics, finance, marketing, sales, and production. Managers, more often had been utilizing extensive form of excel sheets for acquiring indicators and information within the needed format for the definition of the purposes of business. This had been the process involving majority of the inefficiency and consumed a lot of time as well (Stackowiak et al., 2007). The boom in the technologies of internet have contributed in providing the prevalent interface for user, all in combination for the creation of a richer environment with business intelligence, in comparison with what was available in the previous context. Business intelligence helps in pulling information from a number of different systems 1. Process of decision- making: The decisions of the managers, at times had been changed or delayed because of the absence of important information and data or any other related detail 2. Pricing and Planning: The process of pricing and planning did not involve appropriate efficiency because of the imperfections with the changing forecasts of the market 3. Optimization of stock: There had been an increased need for decreasing the cost involved in the management of stock The main objective behind the introduction of this new system of business intelligence in the chain of retail had been focused on ensuring that information and data had been on time, with high degree of accuracy and appeared in the needed format. The organizations in retail sector need to cope up with the constant trends in the industry for staying competitive and viable as well. The highly diversified channels of sales help in offering the retailers a number of opportunities for expansion and growth, but also seem to be presenting them with a number of different and new challenges. Study of Feasibility On examining the feasibility study, there was an increased need for considering the organizational, economic, and technical feasibility related to the project for the adoption of business intelligent. This lead towards the decision that the organization will be adopting a new system, and after the analysis of cost, decisions had been made with respect to the budget of the project (Rogers, 2009). The study on feasibility had been prepared in accordance with the plan of time that was the duration of 1 month. The business objects of SAP had been chosen which had been expected and considered to be appropriate for fitting within the current procedures of the business. Ethical Consideration Before conducting the interviews and drafting the observations and results, it had been ensured that the managers were briefed about the research and the main aim of the research had been expressed in front of them. This was done in order to ensure ethics in the research and had also been helpful in successfully obtaining the views and the answers from the managers of the business. On expressing the aim of the research, it had been ensured that the name of the organization will be kept confidential for ensuring that ethics is maintained. Conclusion Analysing the problem before the decision for the adoption of business intelligence in the retail chain had been conducted by the key managers responsible in this chain of retail. In the most typical sense, managers had been looking for opportunities and a spark for improving the ways in which the processes of business were being manages in context with the pressure being imposed on the efficiency of business processes (Zeng et al., 2007). The first implication for setting this order is that solely making reports of the performance of an organization and the related competitors is not sufficient and enough, even if it is the strength of a number of existing packages of software. The second implication for setting this order is that a large number of organization, particularly from the sector of retail, have still been viewing and considering business intelligence as a software providing function of inward looking. Considering the challenges mentioned above, there is a need for having retailers that show proactive behaviour in the management and utilization of corporate data if there is willingness towards being competitive in the industry. This is where there is a need for introducing business intelligence in the businesses. The software of business intelligence provides the retailers the capability of analysing a lot of information in bulk that the companies already have for making the best decisions of business (Rogers, 2009). Business intelligence is an extremely broad term more often used for processes, tools, applications and technologies for gathering, storing, accessing and analysing data for being able to make better and improved decisions. After the system of business intelligence had been adopted, there had been conduction of two interviews that were semi- structured. In the overall context, nine number of interviews had been conducted with the top- most manager of the retail store. The systems of business intelligence are considered as being a step ahead of the systems responsible for the management of knowledge. Even though there may be variation in particular definitions being provided from one customer to the other, more often it is agrees by people that business intelligence has a typical meaning that provides it a better definition (Stackowiak et al., 2007). The concept presented by this definition contributes in highlighting the relevance of analysing data, tools of query and different reports that are important sources of data. These sources assist them for synthesising useful as well as valuable information. On examining the feasibility study, there was an increased need for considering the organizational, economic, and technical feasibility related to the project for the adoption of business intelligent. References Bresnahan, J. (1998). Legal Espionage CIO Magazine (July 15) Britton, C. (2006). Life cycles and development methods: The system life cycle: Development methods, Software system development: A gentle introduction, 4 ed., McGraw Hill, pp. 820. Beal, V. (2014). BI - business intelligence, Retrieved January 16, 2015. Bruque, S. (2007). Organisational determinants of information technology adoption and implementation in SMEs: the case of family and cooperative firms. Technovation, 27(5), pp. 241253. Chuah, M. H. (2011). A review of business intelligence and its maturity models, African Journal of Business and Management, 5(9), pp. 3424-3428. Doherty, N. F. (2010). The impact of inadequancies in the treatment of organizational issues on information systems development projects, Information Management, Vol. 41(1), pp. 4962. Fuld, L.M. and Sawka, K. (2000). Money Cant Buy You Smarts CIO Magazine Foley, E. and Guillemette, M. G. (2010). What is Business Intelligence? International Journal of Business Intelligence Research, 1(4), pp. 128. Gartner research, (2009). Gartner EXP Worldwide Survey of More than 1,500 CIOs Shows IT Spending to Be Flat in 2009, Retrieved 03/06/2012. Gartner press release, (2012). Performance Management Software Market Surpassed the $12 Billion Mark in 2011, Retrieved 06/05/2012. Hart, J. (2014). A SMALL BUSINESS IS NEVER TOO SMALL FOR BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE, Retrieved January 17, 2015. Johansson, B. and Sudzina, F. (2009). Actual vs. Planned ERP System Implementation Costs in European SMEs, European Conference on Information Management and Evaluation, Gothenburg, Sweden : University of Gothenburg, pp. 232238. McGeever, C. (2000). Business Intelligence, Computerworld. Pirttimki, V. (2003). Business intelligence empirical study on the top 50 Finnish companies, Journal of American Academy of Business, 2(2), pp. 593599. Rogers, E. M. (2009). Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed. New York: Free Press. Stackowiak, R., Rayman, J. and Greenwald, R. (2007). Oracle Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence Solutions, Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis. Zeng, L., Xu, L., Shi, Z., Wang, M. and Wu, W. (2007). Techniques, process, and Enterprise solutions of business intelligence, 2006 IEEE Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics October 8-11, 2006, Taipei, Taiwan, 6, pp. 4722.

The Ecological Self Essay Research Paper Diversity free essay sample

The Ecological Self Essay, Research Paper Diversity is a whirlwind of colour through a society. There are no two people in the universe that are precisely likewise. Individuality distinguishes one individual or thing from others ( Landau, 364 Ed ) . A individual? s environment as a whole: an interaction with others, experiences, and clip, makes a montage of traits that distinguishes person as an person. David Sibley? s theory of the? Ecological Self? or Identity is bound by his deterrences of societal, cultural, and spacial context. Sibley believes that category, race, gender, and state forms our individuality, it is a individual construct that is molded by our experiences from the universe. I do non hold with this claim because people are persons, non a development of their milieus. Identity is non a individual construct, there are many factors that form it, environment can non merely consequence individuality. Sibley is a British sociologist that has dedicated his life to the surveies behind the? Ecological Self. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ecological Self Essay Research Paper Diversity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? Sibley claims that the? Ecological Self? is non internal, it can non be separated from the physical. ? The societal placement of the ego means that the boundary between ego and other is formed through a series of cultural representations of people and things which often elide so that the non-human universe besides provides a context for selfhood ( Sibley, 250 ) . ? The? other, ? that is being spoken of, is besides known as the? Generalized Other. ? This is when we can non divide from the physical and see it to be the norm. How do I cognize who I am? Where do I suit in? Internal and external forces mold our sense of ego. Heredity and personal lesson are illustrations of internal forces. Children are frequently most effected by this. ? The forces of physical heritage takes topographic point chiefly in childhood, though even as grownups we have the possibility of covering in our personal development ( Grunewald, 2 ) . ? Environment besides plays an of import function in the formation of self-identity. The milieus, which can include people, topographic points, and experiences, mold an person into whom they become. The past forms our individualities, and physiques from our experiences. ? It is our memories which help us do the connexions, gives us the penetrations, and provides us with the sense of continuity, which is so of import for our individual Al individuality ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ozcountry.com/life/tip5.html ) . ? ? When we go through times of crisis, monolithic alterations, serious unwellness, deep struggles or emphasis, our sense of ego can be earnestly challenged, peculiarly if we have non faced such experiences before. Rather than presuming that personal individuality is lasting, inactive and secure we might see it better as our personalities are dynamic, germinating, fluid and altering. This will enable us to turn with life? s alterations as we develop new accomplishments, penetration, attitudes, beliefs and values. We are neer the same individual ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ozcountry.com/life/tip5.html ) . ? Identity is a womb-to-tomb, continual procedure of designation with contexts. The concluding point made by Sibley was to what extent do persons change their individuality to conform to societal functions. To most, suiting in and being liked is a really of import portion of life. The manner that others look at us is a portion of our societal standing. Everyone conforms in some manner to merely? fit in. ? College is an first-class illustration of the manner that people conform. This is at a clip that many begin to venture out and do determinations on their ain. Many college pupils face the pick of whether or non they would fall in a fraternity or sorority. On college campuses being portion of the in-crowd means that you are in a societal organisation. Students alter their individualities and conform so that they are able to suit in and consort themselves with others. Individuality and Identity have many factors involved. There can non be merely one cause that influences a individual so greatly. I would wish to see myself as a aggregation of interactions and experiences. The milieus that I have encountered have had an impact on my life, but it is non the individual determinate that makes the individual that I am today. David Sibley? s? Ecological Self? and the other related subjects discussed, have some cogency of specifying the construct of self-identity. Social and Cultural outlooks are non the lone dominant forces that form Bibliography grunewald, peter.genetic technology and medicine.1997. 1 January 2000 www.anth.org/ifgene/grun2 landua, Sidney, erectile dysfunction. the doubleday dictionary. doubleday A ; carbon monoxide, inc. new York: bogus, 1975 life tips centre. how do i cognize who i am? ozcountry.com

The Effects of Antidepressants on children and Teenagers essays

The Effects of Antidepressants on children and Teenagers essays Sara is a twenty two year old Caucasian female. Sara was diagnosed with HIV seven years ago, but recently started antiretroviral therapy when her viral load went over 100,000 and her T cell count dropped below 140. She began on a triple combination therapy regimen including two reverse transcriptase inhibitor and a protease inhibitor. There are three main points that are necessary to discuss, in order to have an understanding of the true killer that AIDS is. Firstly, we must address the history of the killer and how it operates. Next, I would like to acknowledge theories of where the virus originates and how it came to infect so many people. Finally the last task is to really get a grasp on how many people the virus affects, and what modern day scientists are discovering in new methods of treatment. Starting from the beginning, AIDS, or Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome was discovered in the early 1980s. It was originally called GRID, Gay Related Immune disorder. Homosexual white males near the New York and California coast were becoming infected with mysterious illnesses and tumors. According to previous instances, these strains of microorganisms were rarely serious or combined in the same individual. One of these infectious agents was called Pneumocystis Carinii a usually inactive or harmless organism. P Carinii usually infects us at a young age. Although it has been known to cause fevers and infections that can sometimes be fatal, these are rare instances when the immune system is sick because of malnutrition or other forms of abnormal weakness. It was later discovered that the cause of these mysterious illnesses was HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus. HIV is not new to the world there is a similar equivalency in the primate world called SIV, Simian immunodeficiency virus. This virus has long affected certain African apes and monkeys, however it causes no immunodeficiency in its hosts or disease. It is harmless to them, but...

Set Theory and How It Is Used

Set Theory and How It Is Used Set theory is a fundamental concept throughout all of mathematics.  This branch of mathematics forms a foundation for other topics.   Intuitively a set is a collection of objects, which are called elements. Although this seems like a simple idea, it has some far-reaching consequences.   Elements The elements of a set can really be anything – numbers, states, cars, people or even other sets are all possibilities for elements. Just about anything that can be collected together may be used to form a set, though there are some things we need to be careful about. Equal Sets Elements of a set are either in a set or not in a set. We may describe a set by a defining property, or we may list the elements in the set. The order that they are listed is not important. So the sets {1, 2, 3} and {1, 3, 2} are equal sets, because they both contain the same elements. Two Special Sets Two sets deserve special mention. The first is the universal set, typically denoted U. This set is all of the elements that we may choose from. This set may be different from one setting to the next. For example, one universal set may be the set of real numbers whereas for another problem the universal set may be the whole numbers {0, 1, 2,...}.   The other set that requires some attention is called the empty set. The empty set is the unique set is the set with no elements. We can write this as { } and denote this set by the symbol ∅. Subsets and the Power Set A collection of some of the elements of a set A is called a subset of A. We say that A is a subset of B if and only if every element of A is also an element of B. If there are a finite number n of elements in a set, then there are a total of 2n subsets of A. This collection of all of the subsets of A is a set that is called the power set of A. Set Operations Just as we can perform operations such as addition - on two numbers to obtain a new number, set theory operations are used to form a set from two other sets. There are a number of operations, but nearly all are composed from the following three operations: Union – A union signifies a bringing together. The union of the sets A and B consists of the elements that are in either A or B.Intersection - An intersection is where two things meet. The intersection of the sets A and B consists of the elements that in both A and B.Complement - The complement of the set A consists of all of the elements in the universal set that are not elements of A. Venn Diagrams One tool that is helpful in depicting the relationship between different sets is called a Venn diagram.  A rectangle represents the universal set for our problem.  Each set is represented with a circle.  If the circles overlap with one another, then this illustrates the intersection of our two sets.   Applications of Set Theory Set theory is used throughout mathematics. It is used as a foundation for many subfields of mathematics. In the areas pertaining to statistics, it is particularly used in probability. Much of the concepts in probability are derived from the consequences of set theory. Indeed, one way to state the axioms of probability involves set theory.

Anthropogenic climate change and its effects Research Paper

Anthropogenic climate change and its effects - Research Paper Example Despite the fact, that many European and Western countries have ensured strict measures against growing population yet many Asian, African and Latin American countries in the world have failed to understand the same (DiMento & Doughman, 2007). Despite the fact that these people present great opportunities for the nations in form of young working people, youth, which is full of energy, and contribute to overall economic growth of country; however, on a global basis, every human is brining with himself the potential to create more pollution and climatic damage to the planet earth (Hansjurgens & Antes, 2008). As mentioned earlier that this is one of the toughest choices because by restricting their populations these underdeveloped countries will put a brake on their future development and growth since without work force the same would not be possible. However, in order to ensure that the planet is face, it is important to undertake this decision (Bulkeley & Betsill, 2005). One of the bi ggest sources of pollution and climatic change has its roots in the greed of humankind in electricity generation, which not only disturb the atmosphere of earth but also disturbs the land as well. We are quickly running out of the world’s fuel resources and our hunger of exploring more fuels and consuming them is creating more pollutants and dangerous gases (Hoffman & Woody, 2008). Therefore, another decision would be to use solar energy all over the world to meet the energy requirements of the planet. Estimates indicate that the total energy which can be created by all of sun rays that are aimed at our planet in 24 hours are more than enough to meet the energy requirements of this planet for more than an year (Letcher, 2009). However, for implementing the same many countries will have to divert their funds from other developmental and non-developmental expenses to the creation, manufacturing, and use of solar energy systems (Hansjurgens & Antes, 2008). Furthermore, like the United States and other Western countries, these countries will have to ensure that tax exemptions and other economic measures are taken to pursue people for buying these solar energy panels. Furthermore, it may also require the planning and design of buildings and houses in such a way that they could install these panels on their roofs. In addition, this would also mean that the percentage of new skyscrapers would decrease significantly (Nelson & International Food Policy Research Institute 2009). Rather than building new mega cities, industries and others, nations will have to invest their fortunes in building and growing forests. It will have to give back to this planet what it has taken from the planet. Humankind has cut down billions of trees on this planet for the past couple of centuries to make room for its own buildings, cities and other mega structures. However, this is has created a serious misbalance in the overall atmosphere and ecosystems. By stopping the progress and growth of industries and planting trees instead, nations would be able to play their part in saving the planet (Hoffman & Woody, 2008). Plastic bags pose the biggest threat in terms of environmental degradation. These

The Dangers of Police Work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Dangers of Police Work - Research Paper Example Most frequently, they respond to ‘unknown disturbances or problems’ whereby a person may be asking for help but the police officer does not actually know what he/she is to expect or he/she is not able to gather more information regarding the situation (Dempsey & Forst, 2007). The duties of police officers involve operating in various kinds of circumstances, with much of their work being outdoors walking the beats assigned to them or riding in patrol cars. Their work is deemed extraordinarily dangerous – while carrying out their duties, some police officers are wounded or even killed. Police work can entail horrid tasks, which expose them to dangerous, sordid or depressing situations. They may be required to deal with all kinds of people in diverse situations. These dangers are usually traumatic for the police officers as well as their family members. Generally, police work holds the potential for the unpredicted and the unknown, and most individuals who take on this job possess a strong commitment and passion for it. Police work may involve being on duty 24 hours a day – even when not on call, the law requires a police officer to respond to criminal activity or to emergencies, during which no consideration is made for time of day or night o r even weather conditions (Ferguson, 2007). Gaines and Miller (2007) explain that the dangers of police work are both physical and mental/psychological. They indicate that according to the United States’ Justice Department policing is one of the most dangerous jobs in the US with 261 of every 1000 officers’ targets of non-fatal violence annually. Between the year 2003 and 2004, over three hundred police officers were murdered in the line of duty. They further assert that police work, in addition to physical dangers, involves considerable mental stress and pressure. The United States’ Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that together with being a surgeon, firefighting, driving a taxi,

The Project DB Essay Example for Free

The Project DB Essay Project Planning entails a lot of complexities most especially when the project at hand is quite complicated and limited in nature particularly in time constraints. Nevertheless, there are specific tools designed to facilitate manageable and easy project planning possible. Such tools may be classified according to the nature of the project handled. For small to medium sized projects, tools such as Gantt Charts, Critical Path Analysis, Program Evaluation Technique (PERT), and Planning Cycle may be used. While planning large projects may employ the use of the tools such as Planning Management Methodologies, Stakeholder Analysis, and Stakeholder Management.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among these, the commonly used are the Gantt Charts, Critical Path Analysis, and PERT. All these three requires Work Breakdown Structure. Gantt chart (designed by Henry Gantt) is very useful in the sense that it is much easier to construct and understand. The activity in relationship to time is immediately obvious unlike the other tools. Its value is easily recognized as it is less complex to look at. While Critical Path Analysis or CPM and PERT are both powerful tools, the first one identifies which tasks should be done on time to complete the project on time, at the same time, identifies which tasks can afford to have delay yet still completing the project on time. Thus, CPM identifies the shortest possible time to complete the project, the resources needed, and the most efficient way of shortening the time. PERT is a slight modification on CPM. It makes use of quite skeptical view of time for each project stage. The optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely time is indeed helpful to prevent biases from unrealistically short time-scales assumptions. Hence, in my own point of view, I personally prefer to use CPM since it has a lot of advantages over the others considering that it can present the early and late completion of the project with respect to the time allotted to complete the project.    Works Cited Page    Project Planning Management Tools. 15 July 2008. Mind Tools Affiliate Program. 03 Aug. 2008. http://www.mindtools.com/critpath.html

The Definition of Insanity as it Relates to Criminal Offences :: Criminal Justice

The insanity defense is a defense asserted by an accused in a criminal prosecution to avoid liability for the commission of a crime because, at the time of the crime, the person did not appreciate the nature or quality or wrongfulness of the acts. The insanity defense is used by criminal defendants. The most common variation is cognitive insanity. Under the test for cognitive insanity, a defendant must have been so impaired by a mental disease or defect at the time of the act that he or she did not know the nature or quality of the act, or, if the defendant did know the nature or quality of the act, he or she did not know that the act was wrong. The vast majority of states allow criminal defendants to invoke the cognitive insanity defense. Another form of the insanity defense is volitional insanity, or Irresistible Impulse. A defense of irresistible impulse asserts that the defendant, although able to distinguish right from wrong at the time of the act, suffered from a mental disease or defect that made him or her incapable of controlling her or his actions. This defense is common in crimes of vengeance. For example, suppose that a child has been brutally assaulted. If an otherwise conscientious and law-abiding mother shoots the perpetrator, the mother may argue that she was so enraged that she became mentally ill and incapable of exerting self-control. Very few states allow the volitional insanity defense. The insanity defense should not be confused with Incompetency. Persons who are incompetent to stand trial are held in a mental institution until they are considered capable of participating in the proceedings.The insanity defense also should be kept separate from issues concerning mental retardation. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 2002 in Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 122 S. Ct. 2242, 153 L. Ed. 2d 335 (2002) that the execution of mentally retarded criminals constituted "cruel and unusual punishment" and that it was prohibited by Eighth Amendment. But if a person is acquitted by reason of insanity, execution is not an option. The insanity defense reflects the generally accepted notion that persons who cannot appreciate the consequences of their actions should not be punished for criminal acts. Most states regulate the defense with statutes, but a few states allow the courts to craft the rules for its proper use. Generally, the defense is available to a criminal defendant if the judge instructs the jury that it may consider whether the defendant was insane when the crime was committed.

Hollow of the Three Hills Essay

Themes of the Hollow of the three Hills: -main character as a beautiful woman with a shameful and abominable past. -trying to run from it will only make the problem follow. -character as someone who is a plighted subject who had such a secret that she had to be where â€Å"no mortal could observe them. -She wanted this witch to help her see and hear what was happening with her loved ones; but she only had one hour to do so and after this one hour she would die Hawthorne did not come out and said this but in saying things like â€Å"there is but a short hour that we may tarry here. and I will do your bidding though I did . She had run from everything that was important to her because the most important, was dying. Hawthorne was not too clear in stating what exactly the problem was but it seemed that her daughter had fallen ill. – Throughout the story Hawthorne masks this fact well and uses foreshadowing nicely. In one part where the main character is looking in on her parents by means of the witches powers and Hawthorne describes her parents as speaking †¦of a daughter, a wanderer they -Not only she had left him with pain and suffering for their child but she had also left him with pain and aversion towards her. She tried to run away from her daughter’s sickness and encroaching death, but by doing so only brought guilt and remorse upon herself. She must have known that her husband would have strong feelings of antipathy towards her and still willingly looked in on his life to see how he was. – The part in the story when she looked back towards her husband was the part of the story that stuck out the most as Nathaniel Hawthorne’s style of writing. This was a good example of his ‘Puritan Guilt Ethic’. She felt such remorse for leaving that the only good thing to do was to check up on him and see if he was all right. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the ‘Puritan Guilt Ethic’ in most of his short stories and novels and this is one example of him using it. – The daughter died of her illness as Hawthorne foreshadowed throughout the short story by writing such things as â€Å"into the tone of a death bell and â€Å"like lamplight on the wall of a sepulchre. The main character left her daughter to die and that is just what happened. Looking back in retrospect the main character probably would have stayed with her daughter. -As a mother watching her daughter’s funeral brigade must have broken her heart but watching it through a witches spell must have shattered it. –  Hawthorne’s main character chose to run like a coward and in the end paid the worst consequence of all. She gave up her life to witness the pain and suffering she had cause to others. With her daughter dead by disease, her husband infuriated with hatred and pain, and her parents filled with disgust and humiliation she had no one that cared about her at all because she couldn’t handle the emotional stress. How much emotional stress does it seem she caused to others in the end though? She tried to escape her duties as a wife and mother but they just followed her to the very end

The School Based Assessment

WRITING ASSIGNMENT Paragraph Outline Topic sentence: There are several benefits of the school based assessment to the learning process in school. Supporting point 1: The student achievement can be observed continuously. Supporting point 2: Able to reflect the standard and ability of students. Supporting point 3: Reinforce learner’s autonomy and independent learning. Conclusion: To sum up, the school based assessment is a new culture of learning and teaching that advocate students in all-round development which gives a more comprehensive picture of individual student learning needs.First Draft Recently, our school education system had been reform to the new system which is called the school based assessment. In order to improve our school education system, the government has taken this large step that also making the UPSR and PMR to be abolished. Besides that, it has many benefits to our school learning process compare to the older system. First and foremost, the achievement of the students can be observed continuously.The teachers can assess the students continuously in a pressure-free environment. The assessment is taken every day in the class session by several aspects. Next, it can reflect the standard and ability of the students. All students have the same chance of showing their ability . It avoid the limitations of judging students on their performance with a single examination. The school based assessment can also reinforce learner’s autonomy and independent learning.For instance, the student can carrying peer reviews and writing after a model in the assessment task. By this system, students cannot expect that teachers will give them all the information needed but they must think and find it from another resource. To conclude, the school based assessment is a new culture of learning and teaching that advocate students in all round development which gives a more comprehensive picture of individual student learning needs.

Economics1 essays

Economics1 essays The aim of this essay is not to agree with or refute the statement made by Douglass North. The purpose of this essay is to identify the key points of the statement and discuss with relation to the institutional evolution in the Australian financial and labour Markets. With this, it will attempt to conclude whether the statement has a relevance to the evolution of the financial and labour markets. The passage, taken from Norths paper Institutions has a relevance to Australias Financial and Labour Markets. Its relevance can be shown by analysing the key points of the statement. These being, institutions are humanly devised, institutions provide constraints to the market, institutions provide economic incentives and institutional change leads an economy towards its success or failure. Norths statement regards Institutions as being humanly devised . Institutions are devised for the purpose of protecting the various groups effected by the market. This is done by imposing corrections on a market ( subject to failure). A market failure occurs when the market is unable to determine the use and allocation of resources in a way society most desires. ( Kirkwood, Cronk, Swiericzuk intervention in a market occurs due to imperfections in the market and is an attempt at ammending such imperfections. The key institution within the financial system is the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA). In January 1960, legislation was passed to create the RBA, hiving off the central banking functions of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA). The induction of the RBA in1960 was due to growing concern from the private banking sector of a commercial bank maintaining the functions of a central bank (Lewis ensure that monetary and banking policy of the bank is directed to the greatest advantage of the ...

3 Problems of Nonparallel Interjections

3 Problems of Nonparallel Interjections 3 Problems of Nonparallel Interjections 3 Problems of Nonparallel Interjections By Mark Nichol In a post published recently, I discussed simple problems of parallelism in sentence construction. Here are three examples of more complex errors involving corresponding sentence elements. 1. â€Å"Low-interest rates have been one of the primary, if not the primary factor in extending the real estate boom in the United States.† The corresponding phrases in this sentence are neither parallel nor complete. First, the additional consideration (â€Å"if not the primary factor†) must be structured as an interjection, meaning that it has to be bracketed parenthetically by commas, em dashes, or parentheses. (Which method you choose depends on the emphasis you want to give the interjection: Parentheses minimize the interruption, commas are the default punctuation for separating an interrupting phrase from the main sentence, and em dashes call attention to the inserted phrase.) In this case, â€Å"if not the primary factor† must be set off from the rest of the sentence with punctuation before and after; any of the three punctuation forms is appropriate. However, there’s more work to be done. The key to correctly constructing a sentence with an interjection is that if the interjection is omitted, the sentence is still complete. But read this version of the sentence with the interjection omitted: â€Å"Low-interest rates have been one of the primary in extending the real estate boom in the United States.† Obviously, factors must be inserted after the first use of primary in additional to the inclusion of the singular form of the word in the interjection: â€Å"Low-interest rates have been one of the primary factors, if not the primary factor, in extending the real estate boom in the United States.† 2. â€Å"Talk of a name change has struck some political observers as not only a merely cosmetic, but also as a pointless gesture.† As with the previous example, this sentence lacks a correctly framed interjection â€Å"but also as a pointless† must be set off from the rest of the sentence: â€Å"Talk of a name change has struck some political observers as . . . a merely cosmetic gesture.† (The ellipsis marks the omission of â€Å"not only,† which as part of the â€Å"not only . . . but also† comparative device is technically a part of the interjection.) The corrected sentence should read, â€Å"Talk of a name change has struck some political observers as not only a merely cosmetic, but also a pointless, gesture.† (Note the omission of the second instance of as.) Better yet, convert the interjection to a sentence-ending tag: â€Å"Talk of a name change has struck some political observers as not only a merely cosmetic gesture but also a pointless one.† 3. â€Å"He could have, but he didn’t, press for a clear, bilateral agreement on immigration.† Use the interjection-omission test described above to analyze this sentence’s problem: Without the (correctly punctuated) interjection, the sentence erroneously reads â€Å"He could have press for a clear, bilateral agreement on immigration.† A hypercorrection featuring logical correspondence at the expense of readability is â€Å"He could have pressed, but he didn’t press, for a clear, bilateral agreement on immigration.† As with the previous example, the sentence is best repaired by moving the interjection to the end of the sentence: â€Å"He could have pressed for a clear, bilateral agreement on immigration, but he didn’t.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?â€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†While vs. Whilst

Module 8(pol)Principles of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module 8(pol)Principles of Leadership - Essay Example In order to successful implement change all phases are necessary as sudden change can be resisted or ignored if others do not know why and understand the need for change (Yukl 2010). Sabri et al (2007) explain that Lewin’s force field analysis model is frequently utilized when changes are planned and it is utilized for diagnosing forces â€Å"driving† and â€Å"restraining† change (p. 195). This diagnostic tool is necessary for identifying plans for obtaining â€Å"leverage† via the â€Å"driving forces† and reducing â€Å"the restraining forces† (Sabri et al 2007, p. 195). 2. My Understanding of How Culture Influences What Can Be an Effective Change Strategy. I believe that culture influences effective organizational change strategy because it identifies how change will be accepted and adapted to. Yukl (2010) explains that culture helps to shed light on the organization’s â€Å"environment† and determines â€Å"how to respond to it† and thus reduces barriers to change such as, â€Å"anxiety, uncertainty and confusion† (p. 304). I also believe that culture is not static and unchanging and therefore can be influenced by leadership to promote organizational change. Poole and Van de Ven (2004) explain that leadership can influence culture to ensure that it is consistent with organizational change (p. 207). 3.

Foundations of Communication Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foundations of Communication - Term Paper Example Epistemology aims to answer the following questions: How is the concept of justification to be understood? What makes justified beliefs justifiable? Is justification, in relation to one’s own mind, internal or external? From the Copernican Revolution (1600) to the Revolution in Germany (1848), there have been pockets of historical periods in our history that have addressed various issues regarding to the aspects related to epistemology that have been discussed by some of the most renowned scholars. They include: Copernicus and Gallileo, Descartes and Bacon, Spinoza and Hobbies – Locke, Hume, Kent and Hege. Copernicus main task was to carry out investigations on how improvements in methods of constructing the calendar, and Galileo never rejecting knowledge from his predecessors, used this as backing for his further arguments. Galileo’s epistemology aimed to separate ethics from knowledge (e.g. of nature) i.e. Separation of science from the legitimate domain of the church. The main issues about knowledge and communication involved the right of people to investigate questions which were capable of falsification in reasoning, while the religious leaders could confine themselves to determining what was necessary to go to heaven and avoid destructions of hell (Burke 77). Descartes and Bacon vehemently proposed the total discard legacy of the supposed knowledge from the past. They argued or suggested that knowledge should start from the beginning in order to build an adequate knowledge of the world. The epistemological issues that scholars struggled with here were rationalism and empiricism. The main issues about communication and knowledge addressed were separation of subject and object i.e. this also necessitated the aspect of priority to be given to the subject or the object which can be classified as an act of knowledge (Burke 33). During Spinoza and Hobbies – Locke’s period, Spinoza (Descartes admirer in Europe) and Hobbes-Locke (Bacons pupil in England), addressed with the separation and differentiating of a subject and object which did not have any relation i.e. did not know each other. (Period referred to as being concerned with the dichotomy of dualism and monism). The main issues about communication and knowledge included the connection between nature and consciousness. The objective existence of the material world is not questioned neither is the validity of the impressions made by nature upon the senses deemed in any way problematic (Burke 45). In the Hume and the enlightenment period, the main aspects of conflict were between dogmatism and skepticism. According to Hume, his skepticism is in some measure a reaction against the dogmatism of the mechanistic followers of Newton and in part an attempt to reconcile Berkely’s clerical and reactionary subjective idealism with the requirements of everyday life with science. Hume is the founder of Utilitarianism in ethics. He further declares that the satisfaction of human needs is the sole criterion of morality. The main issues about communication and knowledge is the fact that how can it be proved that the industrialist who produces the most is the most moral person of all. During this historical period, Kant tended towards empiricism (Was greatly influenced by scepticism of David Hume). In his philosophy, he attempts to establish a system of concepts and categories in order for the resolving of struggles

ABA Therapy Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ABA Therapy - Research Proposal Example The will examine methods of controlling autism. The methods examined will include Applied behavioral Analysis, Discrete Trial Training, Functional Communication training, Pivotal response Training, Antecedent based interventions and Parental Implemented intervention. Most of the literature review papers advocate for evidence-based approaches and emphasize on the engagement of a qualified Therapist to a control Autism. However, a meta-analysis will not be possible due to lack of comparable inclusion and characterization criteria. Even so, it will be imperative that we engage the services of a qualified ABA therapist and, for this reason donor funds will be required. The use of ABA therapy is an evidence-based method of controlling autism and is highly recommended. Autism is a neurological disorder that has that has posed a lot of challenges in finding effective ways of control irrespective of the economic state or geographical location of the victims (Hilsen, 2012). Research has not clearly proven the causes of autism though it is likely that autism is caused by genetic and environmental factors. Recent data by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention has indicated that cases for autism have risen to 1 in every 110 American children. This rate translates to one in every 70 boys and 1 in every 315 ladies. However, there is a concern that only a small percentage of this population has been actually diagnosed with this condition. The Autism Society of America has estimated that over the life of an autism patient, an average of 3.5 million dollars to 5 million dollars is used towards care research, insurance among other costs (Johnson, 2013). Measured in terms of lost productivity and caregiving costs, autism costs America over 90 billion do llars annually. Even though this has been a prevailing problem in the society at large, my attention was drawn to it after I was attached at Mercy Kids Rehab Laredo, Texas. Parents whose children suffer

Compare CAD and Manual Drawing

Compare CAD and Manual Drawing P1) Identify and describe a range of equipment, furniture and media necessary to produce manual and CAD drawings for the projects. Manual There are four types of materials traditionally used for drafting, which come in arrange of sizes including; A1, A2 and A3. Types of Paper used for drafting; Bond This is similar to the paper used everyday in office printers. Its the least expensive paper and is usually supplied in roll form for drafting plotters. Bond paper is most commonly used in weights from 18 lb all the way up to 24 lb, but much heavier weights are available and used for mainly posters and presentation work. Mylar This is a drafting film made from plastic material. It has the advantage of being erasable which, if you are working in ink, is a great advantage. Its also semi transparent, making it possible to overlay mylar drawings on a light table to check if line work matches up. The film is however more resistant to tears but is more durable than paper. It is still used with drafting plotters and is available in roll form and in cut sheets. Mylar has a matte side and a shiny side which you draw on. The surface of mylar is quite slippery, and therefore pen companies in the past have released special pens and inks which are developed specifically for drawing on it. Modern plotters have found problems printing on mylar as the material does not absorb ink quickly and therefore is prone to smudging as well as unclear lines. Where as bond paper is far more absorbent and does not smudge so easily. Mylar is also quite expensive. Vellum This is a linen based paper that has traditionally been used for historical building plans along with many drafting offices. The high linen content makes it durable and allows pencil work to be easily erased and revised multiple times. Its not as strong as mylar material but is not as expensive. Vellum also has a smooth surface which does not absorb ink as fast as bond paper. That may cause problems with the ink smudging and therefore is not fit for purpose if used for printing. With this said vellum paper is no longer used today to draft plans. Photo With the advances in drafting printers, photo media became available in roll form for printing super size renderings and images. Its a costly media and is usually reserved for the best of presentation graphics. But it allows the engineering office to do more by taking on work that was previously done by printing shops and the graphic designer. Although these are the four main materials used for drafting tracing has also been used in the past in the drawing industry, but is still heavily used for smaller scale work, such as; school/college/university projects, art projects and much more. Tracing Paper this paper is thin and translucent which enables the drawer to copy the image/design several times easily. The faint lines of the image/design are then re-drawn in pencil and are later filled in using a specific drawing pen. The paper comes in a range of grades for drafting work. They start at around 80g/m2 and go up to around 110g/m2 when there are master copies needed. In the past tracing paper when copied using a ammonia copier it was prone to fading in the light and therefore was not clearly visible. However this problem does not occur anymore due to the introduction of photocopying machines which have no side effects as yet. Drawing boards The drafting table is still in use despite all the advances in computer aided drafting. There are still many individuals who still use the traditional drawing table. Architects, graphic artists and many structural steel drafters use the drawing table to make and modify there drawings on paper along with pencil or ink. Drawing boards are large tables which are angled with a lip and a rule which slides up and down the board. The instruments allow you to create parallel, perpendicular and diagonal lines. Drawing boards are becoming less popular due to the introduction of Computer Aided Design. Pencils These are the main working tool of a draftsperson and are available in arrange of harnesses. The darkest pencil used for technical drawings is a B which is used for shading and adding texture to a drawing. The HB pencil follows which is the most commonly used on a day to day basis but is only used for rough sketches for drafting. The F is used for printing and general line work. Following on from the F is the H pencil which is used for dimension lines and hatching by draftspersons. Finally is the 2H which is used for construction lines. For the finest drawings, all pencils used must be permanently sharp and have standard, smooth point. A soft rubber is used for rubbing out pencil lines. Scale rules Drawing are produced to a particular scale which will fully fit onto a drawing sheet. The main tool which helps you draw scale drawings more easily is a scale rule, the most common scales; 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:250, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:1250 and 1:2500. g/m2: refers to the paper quality and weight Tee Square It can be used as a guide for architectural and mechanical drawings. It consists of two arms joined at 90 degree angles. The smaller arm moves along the edge of the drawing board and the larger arm is used to draw straight parallel lines. It can also be used to support set squares which can draw lines at different angles. Adjustable set squares These are mainly used to draw vertical lines at 90 degree angles to the parallel motion arm. A set square can also produce a line at any angle on the paper by adjusting the scale of the protractor. Propelling Pencils A propelling pencil is very thin and can be easily replicable. Unlike a normal standard pencil a propelling pencil always stays sharp due to the thinness of the lead. The most common leads are 0.5 and 0.7. You can also purchase leads in thicknesses of 0.3, 0.9 and 2mm. Compass These are used to create circles and arcs when drawing. Precision sets include a thumbwheel compass. A standard compass set includes an extension arm, a pen clamp and replaceable leads. The purpose of an extension arm is to draw larger arcs and circles with the same amount of precision. Protractor They are generally made from transparent plastic. Protractors can come either in semi-circle or full 360 degree form. There are bevel protractors which are circular protractors with a pivoted arm used for accurately measuring and creating angles to draw from. Rubbers Rubbers come in a large variety of shapes and form. The trapezium shaped is preferred as its points can rub out pencil lines more accurately. Plastic and putty rubbers can be moulded into points to carry out similar work. CAD For CAD to be successfully installed and used the computer which will run this software must have CPU with 3 GHz or more. This number of GHz will allow the CAD software to run at the correct speed rather than it crashing/freezing. Microsoft Windows Vista or Microsoft XP are both operating systems which allow CAD to be used successfully. The computer will also need 2GB of RAM on its operating disk and 2GB of free space minimum on its hard drive. The computer screen must have revolutions of at least 12801024 pixels which will include a display adapter which is able to produce 32-bite colour 128MB or more if possible. There are three main hardware configurations for the use of a CAD system. Depending on the size of the company and office will decide which hardware will be in use. The first software configuration is a standalone single user which simply means that the information and software is held by a private domain. Therefore CAD drawings can only be sent by email or sent by post. The next main hardware configuration is a small office based intranet where CAD drawings and document information is held in a project folder which is within the computers server. The work is organised by a plot management function which segregates the drawings in order of importance. Therefore the company can easily track and record the drawings within the software easily. Finally the third main hardware configuration is a large multi located extranet set up for a wide area network which contains various members of a project team which are more often than not in different parts of the country or countries. As there may be members of the project team in another country this extranet allows the members to easily access the drawings or information which has been uploaded from the drawing office onto the internet through subscription. Mouses, keyboards, digitisers/pads and light pens are used everyday by CAD workers. Mouses A standard mouse has two buttons which are positioned where your fingers lie on the mouse. 2D motion ball mouses are also used and easily direct the mouse much like a standard mouse. More advanced mouses include scroll buttons or additional buttons which are found on the side of the mouse which allow the user to carry out a task quicker. Laser mouses are far more accurate than a standard mouse as the movements are a lot more refined. There are more advanced mouses like the trackball mouse which are far more accurate due to the trackball which is located at the top of the mouse. These mouses are used by designers, gamers and web designers. The actual trackball contains optical and mechanical sensors which are able to track movement and therefore gain on accuracy. Keyboards The most common is the QWERTY keyboard which is used for everyday life and has all requirements covered. However if you are sat at your desk in the office all day you may face some health and safety issues due to the basic design of the QWERTY keyboard. Therefore there are keyboards specifically designed for this issue which are called Ergonomic keyboards which are designed to relieve stress. Using a keyboard can result to carpal tunnel syndrome and repetitive stress injury therefore the ergonomic keyboard was designed for this purpose and is recommended by doctors. Finally there is the DVORAK keyboard which is an ergonomic alternative to the QWERTY keyboard. QWERTY keyboards were designed to comply with typewriters and therefore they are ineffective for touch typing. For that reason the DVORAK keyboard was invented for touch typing which also adds to the comfort of the typer. Digitisers/pads and light pens These are electronic drawing pads which allow people to easily draw and scribe free hand. This enables easier usage of the computer. P4 AutoCAD AutoCAD is usually used on Microsoft desktop software and is available in around 20 languages. It is a form of CAD software which is used to produce 2/3 dimensional designs. AutoCAD can be used for a range of tasks including designing landscapes, buildings and automotive machinery. The earlier versions of AutoCAD used basic functions which included lines, circles, arcs, plotlines and text. The latest version of AutoCAD is more advanced than the earlier additions and is able to form solid modelling such as creating prisms, boxes and spheres. There are also far more detailed and accurate models which use 3D tools. There are many support programs which use AutoCAD such as Auto LISP, VBA, Object ARX and Visual LISP. Object ARX is a base model which helped create AutoCAD Architecture, AutoCAD Civil 3D and AutoCAD Electrical. AutoCAD LT This is a smaller, cheaper version of AutoCAD which can easily be purchased from computer stores unlike the full version of AutoCAD, purely due to the cost of the who AutoCAD programs. AutoCAD LT costs around $900 where as the full version of AutoCAD costs around $4000 which is far more specialist. AutoCAD LT costs around a quarter of the price of the AutoCAD full version as it has to compete with other similar softwares where as the full version of AutoCAD is unique and is the only software of its type used by company in this sector of work. However due to the cheapness of AutoCAD LT software there are some features which are excluded from this software which are included on the full version of AutoCAD. One of the features excluded from the LT version is the 3D function, others include the exclusion of LISP programs and the inability to interact with 3rd party programs. AutoCAD student version This version has a noticeable price difference for student, teachers and lecturers, and can be licensed for 14 months. There are few features which are included on AutoCAD but of which are excluded from the AutoCAD student version. However when a DWG file is created or changed by the student the file is given an educational flag and when this type of file is printed on AutoCAD software it has a plot stamp or banner on all four sides and therefore makes it invalid for commercial use. If a student imports a DWG commercial file they will infect the file so that it can then be used commercially. Also a registered student can has access to free AutoDesk applications from the AutoDesk community. Hence the student therefore has access to the Civil 3D version and the Architectural version of AutoCAD softwares. Other AutoCAD softwares There are many vertical programs which have been designed such as AutoCAD Architecture or AutoCAD Civil 3D. These vertical programs allow the designer to illustrate 3D objects with more intelligent data rather than using sample lines, circles and other solid objects. The program can also be programmed to symbolize products used to construct the design. Therefore the data can be used to estimate the overall cost for the construction of the building, the cost of the materials and other values needed for the building as a whole. Managing CAD Designers need to be assured that the CAD software will save, store and manage their work efficiently so that it can easily be found if changes are required. To achieve this, major companys have different files for their software. Graphisofts ArchiCAD is an example of this. This software depending on whether the data is two or three dimensional, Graphisofts ArchiCAD uses a filing system of which the designers work is stored in a drawing database. DWG files can be easily imported onto this system and this allows a larger range of information to be stored. Thanks to the DWG software, the latest version of CAD has been strengthened and developed by using the DWG software as the primary file format. Due to the filing system employed by the DWG system it is popular with most designers. Due to frequent updates CAD is now a well-built piece of software and has helped improve modern day computers due to the requirements needed to run the CAD software successfully. The modern day computer now has a greater ram, better resolutions, far more memory, superior CPU and more enhanced hard drives which means that the computer can easily support the softwares which are ran through them. CAD can project an image in several ways, of which include; Orthographically, Isometrically, Axonometrically and can use perspective views but sometimes an exploded view is used. An exploded view can take apart an image to show the parts and layers which enables you to examine all parts of the original image. This view is used by Architects and Engineers to enable them to perfect their projects. A designer can use pre-set symbols to represent objects such as doors for a cross section of a building. CAD also allows you to use standard house designs, which can save time for architects and therefore allows them to be ahead of the project and deadlines. The CAD software allows you to easily save work into electronic drawings and also enables you to transfer drawings by email. CAD enables you to create very realistic designs and images depending on the specific CAD software which you are using. The software allows you to create 3D virtual environments which include pictures of real life buildings and people. Other softwares enable you to create naturalistic textures including sunlight, shadows, plants which move in the wind and people walking or moving. To meet the clients needs certain CAD programs allow you to create walkthroughs. This allows the client to visually see their building in a realistic view rather than two or three dimensional form drawing. Advantages and Disadvantages of using CAD and Manual drawings Manual Drawings Advantages; Cheaper to buy the equipment needed to construct the drawings such as set squares or scale rules. If the equipment is broken or not working correctly the user can simply buy a new one without having to go to allot of trouble. The equipment never needs updating as it is already adequate to carry out the job correctly. If you are on site it is far easier to use a manual drawing as you are able to get a better perspective and scale. Easy to modify a manual drawing. You do not need as much technical ability. You always have a hard copy. Disadvantages; Takes a long time to post or fax the drawing to the client. Need a large, light area to set out and work on the drawing. The equipment can be effected by human error maybe a shaky hand. It takes a long time to construct or reproduce a drawing when manually drawing. It is difficult to get the pressure applied to the pencil to determine the type of line you are looking to achieve whether it is a tracer line or primary line. A manual drawing can get easily damaged. A manual drawing is far harder to store as each drawing takes up space and you need put a storage system in place so that each individual drawing can easily be found. CAD Advantages; The drawing can be accurate as the tolls on the software are electronic so they wont be affected by human error such as the incorrect thickness of line. The user can save their work to any electronic storage device such as the hard drive of the computer or a CD or even a memory stick. The computer memorises the drawing in every dimension possible so that the user doesnt have to waste time trying to remember what the drawing looked like and which is which drawing. It is very easy for the user to rectify any mistakes they have made or to move a part of the drawing. Rotate a 3D drawing or to erase any irrelevant parts. The drawing can be transferred by email, saving on postage time and cost. CAD is far quicker to use. The storage and organisation of drawing using CAD software means drawings can easily be stored, dont take up any office space and are well organised and maintained. Disadvantages; Some shapes are still very difficult to draw using CAD software. It is very expensive to purchase CAD software no matter what version you choose. The computer and the necessary equipment needed have to be maintained and regularly updated which adds to costs. If the software was to crash or something went wrong it will need to be fixed by a professional in this field of work which costs time and money. CAD is very difficult to use and is regularly updated, therefore it is very hard to use and understand. As a result you will regularly need to be trained on how to use the software which adds to costs and time. If the software was to break all of the drawings and information ever saved on the computer software may be lost. CAD is not always suitable for site work. There are always doubts concerning glitches or viruses to the computer system. How the quality of graphical information significantly affects the quality of the completed civil engineering/construction project. In the construction industry finished work it contains a number of things such as the written specification; whether the designers requirements were met or not; whether the contractor has estimated the cost accurately or not; the products are ordered within time; whether the design and construction team have kept misunderstandings to a minimum. Consequently the graphical information for the civil engineering/construction project must always be correct and accurate. The graphical information should include every single material or item that is needed for the civil engineering/construction project with all its specifications. The designer must ensure they have created an accurate drawing along with a detailed schedule plan. This will ensure the contractor has the all of the correct products ordered before the work is supposed to commence. However if the architect or designer knows they have not achieved an accurate drawing they may include a schedule which they have used already on a similar project so that they can spend the remaining time modifying their drawing so that it meets their own and the clients standards. Though this may save time for the architect to create a perfectly accurate drawing the schedule is inaccurate and therefore lowers the standard of the project and also may add to costs as they may have the wrong equipment as the schedule is not specific to the project. If the schedule initiates up to the construction stage this may cause the project to run past the deadline dates and therefore add cost to the overall project. If the designer creates an accurate drawing for the project which is specific and contains the specific schedule it means that the overall finished construction of the project should also be of a high quality because it allows the contractors to plan ahead before the construction work starts. But if a schedule of high quality is used on the project which has originally used on a similar project the quality of the overall construction will suffer as a result. So no matter how detailed a schedule or information is on the drawing will only create a high quality project if it is specific and accurate to the job.

King Lear :: essays research papers

King Lear is widely regarded as Shakespeare's crowning artistic achievement. The scenes in which a mad Lear rages naked on a stormy heath against his deceitful daughters and nature itself are considered by many scholars to be the finest example of tragic lyricism in the English language. Shakespeare took his main plot line of an aged monarch abused by his children from a folk tale that appeared first in written form in the 12th century and was based on spoken stories that originated much further into the Middle Ages. In several written versions of "Lear," the king does not go mad, his "good" daughter does not die, and the tale has a happy ending. This is not the case with Shakespeare's Lear, a tragedy of such consuming force that audiences and readers are left to wonder whether there is any meaning to the physical and moral carnage with which King Lear concludes. Like the noble Kent, seeing a mad, pathetic Lear with the murdered Cordelia in his arms, the profound brutality of the tale compels us to wonder, "Is this the promised end?" (V.iii.264). That very question stands at the divide between traditional critics of King Lear who find a heroic pattern in the story and modern readers who see no redeeming or purgative dimension to the play at all, the message being the bare futility of the human condition with Lear as Everyman. As in Macbeth terror reaches its utmost height, in King Lear the sense of compassion is exhausted. The principal characters here are not those who act, but those who suffer. We have not in this, as in most tragedies, the picture of a calamity in which the sudden blows of fate seem still to honor the head which they strike, and where the loss is always accompanied by some flattering consolation in the memory of the former possession; but a fall from the highest elevation into the deepest abyss of misery, where humanity is stripped of all external and internal advantages, and given up a prey to naked helplessness. The threefold dignity of a king, an old man, and a father, is dishonored by the cruel ingratitude of his unnatural daughters; the old king, who out of a foolish tenderness has given away everything, is driven out into the world a homeless beggar; the childish imbecility to which he was fast advancing changes into the wildest insanity, and when he is rescued from the destitution to which he was abandoned, it is too late.